Lifestyle Risk Factors Associated with Cervical Precancerous Lesions
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Abstract
Introduction:. Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of death among women, particularly in developing countries such as Indonesia. In Indonesia, cervical cancer is the second most prevalent cancer among women, after breast cancer. Cervical cancer generally progresses in a gradual manner, beginning with a persistent infection by high-risk types of Human Papilloma virus (HPV), which can develop into precancerous lesions and, over time, advance to invasive cervical cancer. The progression of these precancerous lesions may be influenced by unhealthy lifestyle factors .
Objective: This study aims to examine lifestyle-related risk factors, such as exposure to tobacco smoke, intake of processed or preserved foods, and low levels of physical activity.
Methods: This study employed a correlational analytic design with a cross-sectional approach. The sample consisted of 123 women of reproductive age who underwent IVA (Inspeksi Visual Aids ) screening from January to June 2025. Data were collected through anamnesis and IVA test results at Puskesmas Candiroto, Temanggung Regency.
Results: The results showed that exposure to cigarette smoke was significantly associated with cervical precancerous lesions (p-value = 0.000 < α = 0.05), while consumption of preserved foods (p-value = 0.1 > α = 0.05) and lack of physical activity (p-value = 0.1 > α = 0.05) were not significantly associated.
Conclusions : The conclusion of this study is that exposure to cigarettes poses a risk for cervical precancerous lesions, as indicated by positive results on cervical examination using acetic acid.
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References
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