A HIRARC Based Assessment of Occupational Health and Safety Risks in Hospital Radiology Units

Abstract

Introduction: Occupational health and safety (OHS) in hospital radiology units is critical due to the presence of multiple hazards, including ionizing radiation, chemical exposure, ergonomic strain, physical risks, and biological agents. Inadequate risk management may lead to adverse health outcomes for healthcare workers and compromise patient safety. Therefore, a systematic risk assessment approach is required to identify, evaluate, and control workplace hazards effectively.

Objectives: This study aims to assess occupational risks in a hospital radiology unit using the Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, and Risk Control (HIRARC) method.

Methods: This study employed a descriptive observational design using the HIRARC framework. Data were collected through direct observation and hazard identification across key radiology activities, including X-ray and CT scan procedures, contrast media administration, ultrasound examinations, MRI operations, general equipment handling, and patient management. Identified hazards were categorized into physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic, and safety risks. Risk levels were determined based on likelihood and severity, and appropriate control measures were proposed following the hierarchy of controls, including elimination, substitution, engineering controls, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment (PPE).

Results: The findings revealed that radiology units are exposed to various levels of occupational risks. High-risk hazards were identified in ionizing radiation exposure during X-ray and CT scan procedures, while very high risks were associated with MRI-related hazards, particularly the projectile effect and interference with medical implants. Moderate to high risks were also observed in chemical exposure from contrast media, biological hazards from infectious patients, and ergonomic risks leading to musculoskeletal disorders. Existing and recommended control measures included radiation shielding, strict screening procedures, adherence to ALARA principles, use of PPE, ergonomic adjustments, and implementation of standard operating procedures (SOPs).

Conclusion: The HIRARC method proved effective in systematically identifying and evaluating occupational hazards in hospital radiology units. The study highlights the need for comprehensive risk control strategies, particularly for high and very high-risk activities, to ensure the safety of healthcare workers and patients. Strengthening engineering controls, administrative policies, and continuous staff training is essential to improve OHS performance in radiology departments.